Basic Computer Terminology
access time - The performance of a hard drive or other storage device - how long it takes to locate a file.
active program or window - The application or window at the front (foreground) on the monitor.
alert (alert box) - a message that appears on screen, usually to tell you something went wrong.
alias - an icon that points to a file, folder or application (System 7).
apple menu - on the left side of the screen header. System 6 = desk accessories System 7 = up to 50 items.
application - a program in which you do your work.
application menu - on the right side of the screen header. Lists running applications.
ASCII (pronounced ask-key ) - American Standard Code for Information Interchange. a commonly used data format for exchanging information between computers or programs.
background - part of the multitasking capability. A program can run and perform tasks in the background while another program is being used in the foreground.
bit - the smallest piece of information used by the computer. Derived from "binary digit". In computer language, either a one (1) or a zero (0).
backup - a copy of a file or disk you make for archiving purposes.
boot - to start up a computer.
bug - a programming error that causes a program to behave in an unexpected way.
bus - an electronic pathway through which data is transmitted between components in a computer.
byte - a piece of computer information made up of eight bits.
card - a printed circuit board that adds some feature to a computer.
cartridge drive - a storage device, like a hard drive, in which the medium is a cartridge that can be removed.
CD-ROM - an acronym for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory.
Chooser - A desk accessory used to select a printer, or other external device, or to log onto a network.
Clipboard - A portion of memory where the Mac temporarily stores information. Called a Copy Buffer in many PC applications because it is used to hold information which is to be moved, as in word processing where text is "cut" and then "pasted".
Clock Rate (MHz) - The instruction processing speed of a computer measured in millions of cycles per second (i.e., 200 MHz).
command - the act of giving an instruction to your Mac either by menu choice or keystroke.
command (apple) key - a modifier key, the Command key used in conjunction with another keystroke to active some function on the Mac.
compiler - a program the converts programming code into a form that can be used by a computer.
compression - a technique that reduces the size of a saved file by elimination or encoding redundancies (i.e., JPEG, MPEG, LZW, etc.)
control key - seldom used modifier key on the Mac.
control panel - a program that allows you to change settings in a program or change the way a Mac looks and/or behaves.
CPU - the Central Processing Unit. The processing chip that is the "brains" of a computer.
crash - a system malfunction in which the computer stops working and has to be restarted.
cursor - The pointer, usually arrow or cross shaped, which is controlled by the mouse.
daisy chaining - the act of stringing devices together in a series (such as SCSI).
database - an electronic list of information that can be sorted and/or searched.
data - (the plural of datum) information processed by a computer.
defragment - (also - optimize) to concatenate fragments of data into contiguous blocks in memory or on a hard drive.
desktop - 1. the finder. 2. the shaded or colored backdrop of the screen.
desktop file - an invisible file in which the Finder stores a database of information about files and icons.
dialog box - an on-screen message box that appears when the Mac requires additional information before completing a command.
digitize - to convert linear, or analog, data into digital data which can be used by the computer.
disk - a spinning platter made of magnetic or optically etched material on which data can be stored.
disk drive - the machinery that writes the data from a disk and/or writes data to a disk.
disk window - the window that displays the contents or directory of a disk.
document - a file you create, as opposed to the application which created it.
DOS - acronym for Disk Operating System - used in IBM PCs.
DPI - acronym for Dots Per Inch - a gauge of visual clarity on the printed page or on the computer screen.
download - to transfer data from one computer to another. (If you are on the receiving end, you are downloading. If you are on the sending end, you are uploading ).
drag - to move the mouse while its button is being depressed.
drag and drop - a feature on the Mac which allows one to drag the icon for a document on top of the icon for an application, thereby launching the application and opening the document.
driver - a file on a computer which tells it how to communicate with an add-on piece of equipment (like a printer).
Ethernet - a protocol for fast communication and file transfer across a network.
expansion slot - a connector inside the computer which allows one to plug in a printed circuit board that provides new or enhanced features.
extension - a startup program that runs when you start the Mac and then enhances its function.
file - the generic word for an application, document, control panel or other computer data.
finder - The cornerstone or home-base application in the Mac environment. The finder regulates the file management functions of the Mac (copying, renaming, deleting...)
floppy - a 3.5 inch square rigid disk which holds data. (so named for the earlier 5.25 and 8 inch disks that were flexible).
folder - an electronic subdirectory which contains files.
font - a typeface that contains the characters of an alphabet or some other letterforms.
footprint - The surface area of a desk or table which is occupied by a piece of equipment.
fragmentation - The breaking up of a file into many separate locations in memory or on a disk.
freeze - a system error which causes the cursor to lock in place.
get info - a Finder File menu command that presents an information window for a selected file icon.
gig - a gigabyte = 1024 megabytes.
hard drive - a large capacity storage device made of multiple disks housed in a rigid case.
head crash - a hard disk crash caused by the heads coming in contact with the spinning disk(s).
high density disk - a 1.4 MB floppy disk.
highlight - to select by clicking once on an icon or by highlighting text in a document.
icon - a graphic symbol for an application, file or folder.
initialize - to format a disk for use in the computer; creates a new directory and arranges the tracks for the recording of data.
insertion point - in word processing, the short flashing marker which indicates where your next typing will begin.
installer - software used to install a program on your hard drive.
interrupt button - a tool used by programmers to enter the debugging mode. The button is usually next to the reset button.
K - short for kilobyte.
keyboard shortcut - a combination of keystrokes that performs some function otherwise found in a pulldown menu.
kilobyte - 1024 bytes.
landscape - in printing from a computer, to print sideways on the page.
launch - start an application.
Measurements (summary) -
*a bit = one binary digit (1 or 0) *"bit" is derived from the contraction b'it (binary digit) -> 8 bits = one byte
*1024 bytes = one kilobyte
*K = kilobyte
*Kb = kilobit
*MB = megabyte
*Mb = megabit
*MB/s = megabytes per second
*Mb/s = megabits per second
*bps = bits per second
i.e., 155 Mb/s = 19.38 MB/s
*a bit = one binary digit (1 or 0) *"bit" is derived from the contraction b'it (binary digit) -> 8 bits = one byte
*1024 bytes = one kilobyte
*K = kilobyte
*Kb = kilobit
*MB = megabyte
*Mb = megabit
*MB/s = megabytes per second
*Mb/s = megabits per second
*bps = bits per second
i.e., 155 Mb/s = 19.38 MB/s
MB - short for megabyte.
megabyte - 1024 kilobytes.
memory - the temporary holding area where data is stored while it is being used or changed; the amount of RAM a computer has installed.
menu - a list of program commands listed by topic.
menu bar - the horizontal bar across the top of the Mac¹s screen that lists the menus.
multi finder - a component of System 6 that allows the Mac to multi task.
multi tasking - running more than one application in memory at the same time.
nanosecond - one billionth of a second. ( or, the time between the theatrical release of a Dudley Moore film and the moment it begins to play on airplanes).
native mode - using the computers original operating system; most commonly used when talking about the PowerPC can run software written for either the 80x0 systems, or the PowerPC¹s RISC code.
NuBus - expansion slots on the Mac which accept intelligent, self-configuring boards. NuBus is a different bus achitecture than the newer PCI bus and the boards are not interchangable.
operating system - the system software that controls the computer.
optical disk - a high-capacity storage medium that is read by a laser light.
palette - a small floating window that contains tools used in a given application.
partition - a subdivision of a hard drives surface that is defined and used as a separate drive.
paste - to insert text, or other material, from the clipboard or copy buffer.
PC - acronym for personal computer, commonly used to refer to an IBM or IBM clone computer which uses DOS.
PCI - acronym for Peripheral Component Interchange - the newer, faster bus achitecture.
peripheral - an add-on component to your computer.
point - (1/72") 12 points = one pica in printing.
pop-up menu - any menu that does not appear at the top of the screen in the menu bar. (may pop up or down)
port - a connection socket, or jack on the Mac.
Power PC - a processing chip designed by Apple, IBM and Motorola (RISC based).
Power Mac - a family of Macs built around the PowerPC chip.
print spooler - a program that stores documents to be printed on the hard drive, thereby freeing the memory up and allowing other functions to be performed while printing goes on in the background.
QuickTime - the Apple system extension that gives one the ability to compress, edit and play animation, movies and sound on the Mac.
RAM - acronym for Random-Access Memory.
reset switch - a switch on the Mac that restarts the computer in the event of a crash or freeze.
resize box - the small square at the lower right corner of a window which, when dragged, resizes the window.
RISC - acronym for Reduced Instruction Set Computing; the smaller set of commands used by the PowerPC and Power Mac.
ROM - acronym for Read Only Memory; memory that can only be read from and not written to.
root directory - the main hard drive window.
save - to write a file onto a disk.
save as - (a File menu item) to save a previously saved file in a new location and/or with a new name.
scroll - to shift the contents of a window to bring hidden items into view.
scroll bar - a bar at the bottom or right side of a window that contains the scroll box and allows scrolling.
scroll box - the box in a scroll bar that is used to navigate through a window.
SCSI - acronym for Small Computer System Interface.
SCSI address - a number between zero and seven that must be unique to each device in a SCSI chain. Fast and Wide SCSI devices will allow up to 15 SCSI Ids (hexidecimal); however, the length restriction (3 meters) is such that it is virtually impossible to link 15 devices together.
SCSI port - a 25 pin connector on the back of a Mac (native SCSI port); used to connect SCSI devices to the CPU. Some SCSI cards (like the ATTO) have a 68 pin connector.
SCSI terminator - a device placed at the end of a SCSI chain to complete the circuit. (some SCSI devices are self-terminating, or have active termination and do not require this plug).
serial port - a port that allows data to be transmitted in a series (one after the other), such as the printer and modem ports on a Mac.
server - a central computer dedicated to sending and receiving data from other computers (on a network).
shut down - the command from the Special menu that shuts down the Mac safely.
software - files on disk that contain instructions for a computer.
spreadsheet - a program designed to look like an electronic ledger.
start up disk - the disk containing system software and is designated to be used to start the computer.
surge suppressor - a power strip that has circuits designed to reduce the effects of surge in electrical power. (not the same as a UPS)
System file - a file in the System folder that allows your Mac to start and run.
System folder - an all-important folder that contains at least the System file and the Finder.
32 bit addressing - a feature that allows the Mac to recognize and use more than 8MB of memory.
title bar - the horizontal bar at the top of a window which has the name of the file or folder it represents.
upload - to send a file from one computer to another through a network.
Uninterruptible Power Source (UPS)- a constantly charging battery pack which powers the computer. A UPS should have enough charge to power your computer for several minutes in the event of a total power failure, giving you time to save your work and safely shut down.
UPS - acronym for Uninterruptible Power Source.
vaporware - "software" advertised, and sometimes sold, that does not yet exist in a releasable for.
virtual memory - using part of your hard drive as though it were "RAM".
WORM - acronym for Write Once-Read Many; an optical disk that can only be written to once (like a CD-ROM).
zoom box - a small square in the upper right corner of a window which, when clicked, will expand the window to fill the whole screen.
ADSL
Sometimes referred to as Broadband, ADSL is a connection available from Telecom companies using existing lines with fast download & upload speeds.
AGP
An interface developed by Intel which allows a graphics card to access memory directly which along with the wider bandwidth helps improve graphics performance. AGP has now come to replace a lot of PCI video cards due to its superior performance, most modern motherboards have an AGP slot as standard. Some motherboards come with an AGP graphics card built-in. You will see AGP cards advertised with different specifications, including throughput (bandwidth), here is a summary of the throughput they refer to:
An interface developed by Intel which allows a graphics card to access memory directly which along with the wider bandwidth helps improve graphics performance. AGP has now come to replace a lot of PCI video cards due to its superior performance, most modern motherboards have an AGP slot as standard. Some motherboards come with an AGP graphics card built-in. You will see AGP cards advertised with different specifications, including throughput (bandwidth), here is a summary of the throughput they refer to:
1X - 266MBps
2X - 533MBps
4X - 1.07GBps
8X - 2.1GBps
2X - 533MBps
4X - 1.07GBps
8X - 2.1GBps
Obviously the higher the throughput the better, although nowadays most video cards run at 8X.
ATA
Refers to a hard drive interface standard first approved in 1994 by ANSI (American National Standards Institute).
Refers to a hard drive interface standard first approved in 1994 by ANSI (American National Standards Institute).
Attachment
This is the name given to a file that is sent along with an email. An email attachment can be any type of file, including images (photos), videos, mp3s, documents, zipped files/folders, and more.
This is the name given to a file that is sent along with an email. An email attachment can be any type of file, including images (photos), videos, mp3s, documents, zipped files/folders, and more.
AVI
A multimedia file type, the audio and video elements are interleaved in alternate segments within the AVI file. This has become a very popular format on the Internet for video distribution due to the fast download times and reasonable quality reproduction.
A multimedia file type, the audio and video elements are interleaved in alternate segments within the AVI file. This has become a very popular format on the Internet for video distribution due to the fast download times and reasonable quality reproduction.
Bandwidth
Bandwidth refers to the capacity of a communications line/channel to transmit/receive information and is measured in bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes and gigabytes.
Bandwidth refers to the capacity of a communications line/channel to transmit/receive information and is measured in bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes and gigabytes.
Binary
Binary is a system used by digital devices like computers, cd players etc. It is a sequence of 1s and 0s which relate to on and off electrical pulses and can only have 2 states on and off unlike analogue systems which can have varying states. These 1s and 0s are commonly referred to as a bit (Binary Digit). Mathematically binary is Base 2 unlike our counting system (decimal) which is Base 10.
Binary is a system used by digital devices like computers, cd players etc. It is a sequence of 1s and 0s which relate to on and off electrical pulses and can only have 2 states on and off unlike analogue systems which can have varying states. These 1s and 0s are commonly referred to as a bit (Binary Digit). Mathematically binary is Base 2 unlike our counting system (decimal) which is Base 10.
BIOS - Basic Input Output System
The BIOS is a collection of commands usually stored in a ROM chip, which allows a CPU to communicate with the connected devices in a PC or other digital system.
The BIOS is a collection of commands usually stored in a ROM chip, which allows a CPU to communicate with the connected devices in a PC or other digital system.
Bitmap
This is a common graphic format used by computers, it can be likened to a map of bits (hence the name) the graphic/picture is made up of a number of individual dots (bits) to form an image. The file extension for these type of files is .bmp, these can get very large in file-size (i.e. kilobytes) and if storage space is a factor then it is best to convert the image into a more compressed format such as JPEG.
This is a common graphic format used by computers, it can be likened to a map of bits (hence the name) the graphic/picture is made up of a number of individual dots (bits) to form an image. The file extension for these type of files is .bmp, these can get very large in file-size (i.e. kilobytes) and if storage space is a factor then it is best to convert the image into a more compressed format such as JPEG.
BLOG - weB LOG
A BLOG refers to a private webpage which is published by either an individual or a group of individuals. BLOGS are commonly personal journals/diaries and are used to comment on all sorts of topics depending on the interests of the blogger (author).
A BLOG refers to a private webpage which is published by either an individual or a group of individuals. BLOGS are commonly personal journals/diaries and are used to comment on all sorts of topics depending on the interests of the blogger (author).
Bluetooth Wireless Technology
Bluetooth refers to a wireless technology which allows digital devices to easily transfer files at high speed, Bluetooth is common in many portable devices such as laptops, PDAs and mobile phones. For more detailed information please see below.
Bluetooth refers to a wireless technology which allows digital devices to easily transfer files at high speed, Bluetooth is common in many portable devices such as laptops, PDAs and mobile phones. For more detailed information please see below.
Browser
This is the program you use to surf the internet. There are several internet browsers available, some of the most popular are Internet Explorer, Firefox, Netscape Navigator and Opera. Different browsers render web pages slightly differently, for example some sites may require a certain browser to function correctly and some sites may not function at all with some browsers.
This is the program you use to surf the internet. There are several internet browsers available, some of the most popular are Internet Explorer, Firefox, Netscape Navigator and Opera. Different browsers render web pages slightly differently, for example some sites may require a certain browser to function correctly and some sites may not function at all with some browsers.
Cache - Cached
Pronounced "Cash" this usually comes in two forms, either disk cache or memory cache, the former being a space normally on a hard disk set aside by the computer/software to store information it thinks it will need again, for instance browsers use disk cache to store information from websites such as pictures and alike, this reduces the need for the modem to keep downloading the same data each time you visit a webpage. The latter can either utilize normal memory or special memory which has a faster access time that is used by the system to store information that is used frequently, it can also 'guess' what information the user may require next and loads this into the cache memory for faster access.
Pronounced "Cash" this usually comes in two forms, either disk cache or memory cache, the former being a space normally on a hard disk set aside by the computer/software to store information it thinks it will need again, for instance browsers use disk cache to store information from websites such as pictures and alike, this reduces the need for the modem to keep downloading the same data each time you visit a webpage. The latter can either utilize normal memory or special memory which has a faster access time that is used by the system to store information that is used frequently, it can also 'guess' what information the user may require next and loads this into the cache memory for faster access.
CMOS - Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
When in the context of computing CMOS refers to a chip that stores information about your PC including the time, date and configuration data, this technology is used due to the low power consumption. The CMOS device is backed up by a battery to retain the information when the system is switched off.
When in the context of computing CMOS refers to a chip that stores information about your PC including the time, date and configuration data, this technology is used due to the low power consumption. The CMOS device is backed up by a battery to retain the information when the system is switched off.
CODEC - COmpressor / DECompressor
CODEC in the context of computing is an acronym for COmpressor/DECompressor and refers to a small piece of code (program) which is used to compress and decompress data, you will normally come across these when using Audio and Video. You may be prompted during internet use to download a CODEC if you visit a site that requires a certain CODEC not already installed on your PC.
CODEC in the context of computing is an acronym for COmpressor/DECompressor and refers to a small piece of code (program) which is used to compress and decompress data, you will normally come across these when using Audio and Video. You may be prompted during internet use to download a CODEC if you visit a site that requires a certain CODEC not already installed on your PC.
Cookie - Cookies
Cookies are small text files that are placed on your computer by websites for various different reasons. For instance Yahoo use cookies for reasons such as storing your preferences for Yahoo related services, and to access certain information when you sign in to a personalized service such as My Yahoo. Other websites will often use cookies for identifying purposes, demographic statistics and also when you are shopping online to remember what you have in your basket.
Cookies are small text files that are placed on your computer by websites for various different reasons. For instance Yahoo use cookies for reasons such as storing your preferences for Yahoo related services, and to access certain information when you sign in to a personalized service such as My Yahoo. Other websites will often use cookies for identifying purposes, demographic statistics and also when you are shopping online to remember what you have in your basket.
CPU - Central Processing Unit
The CPU (processor) is one of the most important components in a computer, it can be likened to the brain of the system. There are 2 main PC CPU manufacturers, Intel and AMD.
The CPU (processor) is one of the most important components in a computer, it can be likened to the brain of the system. There are 2 main PC CPU manufacturers, Intel and AMD.
Cursor - Flashing Cursor
This refers to the small blinking vertical or horizontal line which shows the position on the screen where text will appear the next time you type a character on the keyboard. The cursor can be moved around the screen using the cursor (arrow) keys or alternatively using a mouse.
This refers to the small blinking vertical or horizontal line which shows the position on the screen where text will appear the next time you type a character on the keyboard. The cursor can be moved around the screen using the cursor (arrow) keys or alternatively using a mouse.
Data - Process Data
Data is used to describe information that is stored and/or processed digitally. Data can refer to (basically) anything, such as word processor documents, images, music, games, etc, although in it's purest form in a digital system it is simply bits stored/processed in a certain way.
Data is used to describe information that is stored and/or processed digitally. Data can refer to (basically) anything, such as word processor documents, images, music, games, etc, although in it's purest form in a digital system it is simply bits stored/processed in a certain way.
Database - Relational Database
Database refers to a file that is used to store information in a format that is easily retrieved and manipulated. The most common database files are made up of tables, fields and records. These are referred to as a relational database.
Database refers to a file that is used to store information in a format that is easily retrieved and manipulated. The most common database files are made up of tables, fields and records. These are referred to as a relational database.
Defragmentation - Fragmentation
Defragmentation is the term given to the process of scanning the file system and rejoining the split files back into consecutive pieces. The process of defragmenting can be time consuming, but it is one of the easiest ways to increase the performance of your PC, the frequency of which a PC should be defragmented will directly depend on the amount of usage. Fragmentation is caused when an operating system breaks a file into pieces because there is not enough space on the storage device where the file was originally saved. One example of this would be where a file was originally saved, then modified causing the file to be larger in physical space than first anticipated, the operating system will then break the file into 2 or more pieces and store them in different parts of the storage area. The system would then keep a record of where the different parts of the file are stored, this is achieved through the use of a File Allocation Table (FAT) or similar file system such as NTFS. Then, when the operating system requires the file again, it will query the file system (FAT/NTFS/or other) to find out where the different parts of the file are located on the partition (drive).
Defragmentation is the term given to the process of scanning the file system and rejoining the split files back into consecutive pieces. The process of defragmenting can be time consuming, but it is one of the easiest ways to increase the performance of your PC, the frequency of which a PC should be defragmented will directly depend on the amount of usage. Fragmentation is caused when an operating system breaks a file into pieces because there is not enough space on the storage device where the file was originally saved. One example of this would be where a file was originally saved, then modified causing the file to be larger in physical space than first anticipated, the operating system will then break the file into 2 or more pieces and store them in different parts of the storage area. The system would then keep a record of where the different parts of the file are stored, this is achieved through the use of a File Allocation Table (FAT) or similar file system such as NTFS. Then, when the operating system requires the file again, it will query the file system (FAT/NTFS/or other) to find out where the different parts of the file are located on the partition (drive).
Desktop - Mac Desktop
Desktop refers to the main screen area of the Mac operating system (see below).
Desktop refers to the main screen area of the Mac operating system (see below).
DDR - Double Data Rate
DDR refers to a specification of SDRAM memory, DDR can transfer data at double the rate of normal SDRAM. It achieves this by transferring data twice per clock cycle, once on the rising edge and once on the falling edge of the cycle.
DDR refers to a specification of SDRAM memory, DDR can transfer data at double the rate of normal SDRAM. It achieves this by transferring data twice per clock cycle, once on the rising edge and once on the falling edge of the cycle.
DIMM - Dual Inline Memory Module
DIMM refers to a type of memory module commonly used in modern PCs and Laptops. DIMMS have a 64-bit data path and are widely used in PCs with 64-bit processors as they don't need to be doubled up unlike SIMMS. The dual inline part refers to the way the chips are mounted on the module. They come in either a 144 pin or 168 pin package, the 144 pin module is commonly used in laptops and the 168 pin modules are used in most modern PC motherboards.
DIMM refers to a type of memory module commonly used in modern PCs and Laptops. DIMMS have a 64-bit data path and are widely used in PCs with 64-bit processors as they don't need to be doubled up unlike SIMMS. The dual inline part refers to the way the chips are mounted on the module. They come in either a 144 pin or 168 pin package, the 144 pin module is commonly used in laptops and the 168 pin modules are used in most modern PC motherboards.
Directory
A directory and folder are exactly the same thing, windows refers to them as folders but you will often come across them being called directories. Directories/folders allow information to be stored in your computer in a more convenient way making it easier to organize your files. Directories/folders can be created, renamed and deleted much like files, it is good practice to create these directories/folders and keep your files in them as this helps keep your hard drive organized.
A directory and folder are exactly the same thing, windows refers to them as folders but you will often come across them being called directories. Directories/folders allow information to be stored in your computer in a more convenient way making it easier to organize your files. Directories/folders can be created, renamed and deleted much like files, it is good practice to create these directories/folders and keep your files in them as this helps keep your hard drive organized.
Disk Drive - Drives
Refers to a device that is used to read and write data using read/write heads from magnetic disk like devices. Floppy disk drive refers to the device at the front of the computer, floppy disks are inexpensive and are very handy for keeping small files backed up.
Refers to a device that is used to read and write data using read/write heads from magnetic disk like devices. Floppy disk drive refers to the device at the front of the computer, floppy disks are inexpensive and are very handy for keeping small files backed up.
DDL - Dynamic Link Library
DLL refers to a type of file that is stored either locally or remotely. It is a collection of commands and/or data which can be shared by different programs on the same platform.
DLL refers to a type of file that is stored either locally or remotely. It is a collection of commands and/or data which can be shared by different programs on the same platform.
DMA - Direct Memory Access
DLL refers to a type of file that is stored either locally or remotely. It is a collection of commands and/or data which can be shared by different programs on the same platform.This can be thought of as a channel or line that is used by devices in the computer to access the memory (RAM) without having to utilize the CPU. It works by allowing the I/O controller that has been previously instructed to transfer a block of data (the size depending on the system) to or from the memory to temporarily control the memory itself by returning the memory address of the data, it can control the memory for as many clock cycles as is required for the process. This system can significantly reduce the workload on the CPU.
DLL refers to a type of file that is stored either locally or remotely. It is a collection of commands and/or data which can be shared by different programs on the same platform.This can be thought of as a channel or line that is used by devices in the computer to access the memory (RAM) without having to utilize the CPU. It works by allowing the I/O controller that has been previously instructed to transfer a block of data (the size depending on the system) to or from the memory to temporarily control the memory itself by returning the memory address of the data, it can control the memory for as many clock cycles as is required for the process. This system can significantly reduce the workload on the CPU.
DNS - Domain Name Server
A domain name is a unique name that is used to identify and locate computers on a network (including the internet), it can be used for websites and/or email addresses. For instance this website's domain name is www.helpwithpcs.com. All machines connected to the internet have their own IP Address, domain names are just an easier way to access a certain machine, for instance if you had to remember IP Addresses instead of domain names it would be cumbersome.
A domain name is a unique name that is used to identify and locate computers on a network (including the internet), it can be used for websites and/or email addresses. For instance this website's domain name is www.helpwithpcs.com. All machines connected to the internet have their own IP Address, domain names are just an easier way to access a certain machine, for instance if you had to remember IP Addresses instead of domain names it would be cumbersome.
DOS - Disk Operating System
This is a system that software uses to utilize the disk drives in your computer. See also MS-DOS. IBM® first created DOS® for the series 700 computers years ago, then Microsoft® developed their own version called MS-DOS®, over the years DOS has become outdated due to its limited capabilities, although Windows® still shipped with MS-DOS® until the recent XP version.
This is a system that software uses to utilize the disk drives in your computer. See also MS-DOS. IBM® first created DOS® for the series 700 computers years ago, then Microsoft® developed their own version called MS-DOS®, over the years DOS has become outdated due to its limited capabilities, although Windows® still shipped with MS-DOS® until the recent XP version.
Dot Pitch
This is normally used to describe a monitor's performance, it refers to the distance between the holes of the shadow mask in a CRT display, it can also refer to the distance between each pixel on a color screen, it is measured in millimeters. Generally the smaller the measurement the better the display.
This is normally used to describe a monitor's performance, it refers to the distance between the holes of the shadow mask in a CRT display, it can also refer to the distance between each pixel on a color screen, it is measured in millimeters. Generally the smaller the measurement the better the display.
Download - Downloading
This is used to describe when a file is transferred from a remote machine to a local machine using a communications link, for instance when you download a file from a website you are transferring the data from the host to your machine (client). The speed of the download will depend on what connection there is between the two machines and the size of the file to be transferred.
This is used to describe when a file is transferred from a remote machine to a local machine using a communications link, for instance when you download a file from a website you are transferring the data from the host to your machine (client). The speed of the download will depend on what connection there is between the two machines and the size of the file to be transferred.
DPI - Dots Per Inch
This is a measurement commonly used to describe the quality of printers and scanners, it refers to how many pixels per square inch that it is able to print/scan. The higher the DPI the smoother the quality of the image will be when either printed or scanned.
This is a measurement commonly used to describe the quality of printers and scanners, it refers to how many pixels per square inch that it is able to print/scan. The higher the DPI the smoother the quality of the image will be when either printed or scanned.
DRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory
A type of memory (RAM) widely used in today's PCs. DRAM works differently to SDRAM as it needs to be refreshed to continue holding the data, this means a slight loss of speed as the memory refreshes itself with a pulse of current to each of its cells.
A type of memory (RAM) widely used in today's PCs. DRAM works differently to SDRAM as it needs to be refreshed to continue holding the data, this means a slight loss of speed as the memory refreshes itself with a pulse of current to each of its cells.
Driver - Device Driver
This is a program that is written specifically to control a certain piece of hardware such as a soundcard, modem, graphics card, printer, scanner etc. Each manufacturer supplies drivers for their specific products, these drivers are often updated with time so it is a good idea to keep your drivers current. To find specific drivers for any of your devices it is best to start at the manufacturer's website as they normally have updated drivers in their respective support pages.
This is a program that is written specifically to control a certain piece of hardware such as a soundcard, modem, graphics card, printer, scanner etc. Each manufacturer supplies drivers for their specific products, these drivers are often updated with time so it is a good idea to keep your drivers current. To find specific drivers for any of your devices it is best to start at the manufacturer's website as they normally have updated drivers in their respective support pages.
ECC - Error Correcting Code
Refers to a type of Memory (RAM) that automatically checks for errors as the data is passed through.
Refers to a type of Memory (RAM) that automatically checks for errors as the data is passed through.
EIDE Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics
EIDE refers to an interface standard developed by Western Digital, since around the end of 1994 EIDE controllers have been widely used in the PC industry surpassing the earlier IDE standard due to its faster data transfer rates. The interface controls storage devices like hard drives, CD ROM drives, and CD Writers.
EIDE refers to an interface standard developed by Western Digital, since around the end of 1994 EIDE controllers have been widely used in the PC industry surpassing the earlier IDE standard due to its faster data transfer rates. The interface controls storage devices like hard drives, CD ROM drives, and CD Writers.
Email
This is a system used by computers to send and receive messages over the internet, when you send an email and likewise when someone sends you an email, the message will remain on the server (your email providers computer) until it is read and deleted, in other words you don't have to be connected to the internet to read an email unlike chat. For more information click here to see our beginner's guide.
This is a system used by computers to send and receive messages over the internet, when you send an email and likewise when someone sends you an email, the message will remain on the server (your email providers computer) until it is read and deleted, in other words you don't have to be connected to the internet to read an email unlike chat. For more information click here to see our beginner's guide.
EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
Refers to a type of ROM that can be erased using an ultra violet light and then reprogrammed using a PROM Programmer. These chips have a small transparent area on the top, this is where the UV light is directed to clear the contents, they come in various different packages which make them very versatile. The ROM will retain the data until it is exposed again to an ultra violet light, it is normal practice to cover the small transparent area to avoid any potential data loss.
Refers to a type of ROM that can be erased using an ultra violet light and then reprogrammed using a PROM Programmer. These chips have a small transparent area on the top, this is where the UV light is directed to clear the contents, they come in various different packages which make them very versatile. The ROM will retain the data until it is exposed again to an ultra violet light, it is normal practice to cover the small transparent area to avoid any potential data loss.
Ethernet - Networking
Refers to a standard of the LAN system, Ethernet supports up to 10Mbps per second transfer, a newer implementation of the Ethernet specification 100 Base-T supports up to 100Mbps. The latest standard (Gigabit Ethernet) can support up to 1000Mbps (1 Gigabit). Ethernets are common place in offices where file/device sharing is required.
Refers to a standard of the LAN system, Ethernet supports up to 10Mbps per second transfer, a newer implementation of the Ethernet specification 100 Base-T supports up to 100Mbps. The latest standard (Gigabit Ethernet) can support up to 1000Mbps (1 Gigabit). Ethernets are common place in offices where file/device sharing is required.
FAT - File Allocation Table
FAT (File Allocation Table) refers to a data table that holds information about how and where files are stored on any one partition (for simplicity think of a partition as all the files on your hard drive).For example, a single file on your hard drive may not be stored in one place, the file could be split up and stored in several different (physical) places (this is called fragmentation), the FAT keeps a record of where the different parts of the file are stored.
Firewall
Refers to a security program which protects your computer from un-authorised access through a network and/or the Internet. These are very important especially if your computer is connected directly to the Internet for long periods of time.
Refers to a security program which protects your computer from un-authorised access through a network and/or the Internet. These are very important especially if your computer is connected directly to the Internet for long periods of time.
Firewall - iLink - IEEE1394
A fast digital link for transferring video, audio and other files between two devices. IEEE 1394 (firewire) refers to the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) digital connectivity standard commonly referred to as Firewire. Apple inc, Sony Corp and a few others helped to develop the IEEE 1394 standard. This type of interface is becoming ever more popular, some common devices using the IEEE 1394 interface are digital video cameras, hard drives and other storage devices, it offers real-time, bi-directional, fast data transfer along with Plug and Play compatibility for ease of use.
A fast digital link for transferring video, audio and other files between two devices. IEEE 1394 (firewire) refers to the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) digital connectivity standard commonly referred to as Firewire. Apple inc, Sony Corp and a few others helped to develop the IEEE 1394 standard. This type of interface is becoming ever more popular, some common devices using the IEEE 1394 interface are digital video cameras, hard drives and other storage devices, it offers real-time, bi-directional, fast data transfer along with Plug and Play compatibility for ease of use.
IEEE 1394/Firewire characteristics:
IEEE 1394a - Firewire 400
- Data Throughput: 400Mbps
- Maximum Cable Length: 4.5 Meters
IEEE 1394b - Firewire 800
- Data Throughput: 800Mbps
- Maximum Cable Length: 100 Meters
Firewire® - Firewire is the registered trademark of Apple's IEEE 1394 digital connection.
iLink® - iLink is the registered trademark of Sony's IEEE 1394 digital connection.
- Data Throughput: 400Mbps
- Maximum Cable Length: 4.5 Meters
IEEE 1394b - Firewire 800
- Data Throughput: 800Mbps
- Maximum Cable Length: 100 Meters
Firewire® - Firewire is the registered trademark of Apple's IEEE 1394 digital connection.
iLink® - iLink is the registered trademark of Sony's IEEE 1394 digital connection.
Folder
Folder and directory are exactly the same thing, windows refers to them as folders but you will often come across them being called directories. Directories/folders allow information to be stored in your computer in a more convenient way making it easier to organize your files. Directories/folders can be created, renamed and deleted much like files, it is good practice to create these directories/folders and keep your files in them as this helps keep your hard drive organized.
Folder and directory are exactly the same thing, windows refers to them as folders but you will often come across them being called directories. Directories/folders allow information to be stored in your computer in a more convenient way making it easier to organize your files. Directories/folders can be created, renamed and deleted much like files, it is good practice to create these directories/folders and keep your files in them as this helps keep your hard drive organized.
Freeware
This is software that is free, and as long as you can put up with the occasional advert there are some programs/utilities out there that are very useful.
This is software that is free, and as long as you can put up with the occasional advert there are some programs/utilities out there that are very useful.
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
One of the TCP/IP protocols used for transferring files across TCP/IP connections. The protocol manages the physical transfer of the file along with the representation of the file on both machines involved in the transfer. To upload or download files via FTP you need an FTP program such as Cute FTP.
One of the TCP/IP protocols used for transferring files across TCP/IP connections. The protocol manages the physical transfer of the file along with the representation of the file on both machines involved in the transfer. To upload or download files via FTP you need an FTP program such as Cute FTP.
GHz
Gigahertz is a frequency measurement and it refers to billions of cycles per second, it is widely used in computing for processor specifications, for example a processor running at 2 GHz can handle 2 billion cycles per second. See also MHz, 1 GHz is equal to 1000 Mhz. Hertz is named after Physicist Heinrich Hertz.
Gigahertz is a frequency measurement and it refers to billions of cycles per second, it is widely used in computing for processor specifications, for example a processor running at 2 GHz can handle 2 billion cycles per second. See also MHz, 1 GHz is equal to 1000 Mhz. Hertz is named after Physicist Heinrich Hertz.
GIF - Graphics Interchange Format
The GIF image format was developed by Compuserve and is widely used on the Internet due to its high compression (provided by Unisys) and subsequent small file size.
The GIF image format was developed by Compuserve and is widely used on the Internet due to its high compression (provided by Unisys) and subsequent small file size.
Gigabyte - GB
This is a measurement used to describe 1024 Megabytes. Hard disk capacity is usually measured in Gigabytes. 1 Gigabyte is 1,073,741,824 Bytes. Sometimes people/companies refer to a Gigabyte as 1000 megabytes, but when these figures relate to digital systems one Gigabyte is 1024MB not 1000MB, ie2.
This is a measurement used to describe 1024 Megabytes. Hard disk capacity is usually measured in Gigabytes. 1 Gigabyte is 1,073,741,824 Bytes. Sometimes people/companies refer to a Gigabyte as 1000 megabytes, but when these figures relate to digital systems one Gigabyte is 1024MB not 1000MB, ie2.
Graphics Card
A Graphics Card also known as a Video Card is an internal device which controls and produces the display on your screen.
A Graphics Card also known as a Video Card is an internal device which controls and produces the display on your screen.
GUI - Graphical User Interface
This is used to describe a user friendly environment which uses graphical images (such as icons) instead of a command line to interact with the computer, GUIs have made computers more user friendly and more accessible to any user no matter what experience they may have, a typical GUI is the Windows® operating system.
This is used to describe a user friendly environment which uses graphical images (such as icons) instead of a command line to interact with the computer, GUIs have made computers more user friendly and more accessible to any user no matter what experience they may have, a typical GUI is the Windows® operating system.
Hard Disk - Hard Drive
A Hard Disk (Hard Disk Drive) is your computer's main storage device. It is where you would normally keep your operating system, programs and files.
A Hard Disk (Hard Disk Drive) is your computer's main storage device. It is where you would normally keep your operating system, programs and files.
Hardware - Components
This normally refers to your computer case and any components inside it, it can also refer to printers, scanners etc but these are more commonly known as peripherals. For example motherboards, modems, soundcards, memory (RAM), and graphics cards are all hardware.
This normally refers to your computer case and any components inside it, it can also refer to printers, scanners etc but these are more commonly known as peripherals. For example motherboards, modems, soundcards, memory (RAM), and graphics cards are all hardware.
Host - Hosting
Host refers to a computer running host software which is connected to a network and provides data/services to one or more computers. A typical example of a host is a website host that stores and then serves pages and images to users via the internet, this is accomplished by running host software on the machine, the host software manages requests from other machines and fulfills the requests according to whatever protocol the machines are using.
Host refers to a computer running host software which is connected to a network and provides data/services to one or more computers. A typical example of a host is a website host that stores and then serves pages and images to users via the internet, this is accomplished by running host software on the machine, the host software manages requests from other machines and fulfills the requests according to whatever protocol the machines are using.
HTML - HyperText Mark-up Language
HTML is a markup language used to create HTML documents. HTML documents allow plain text to be formatted (bold, italic, etc), as well as being able to specify hyperlinks, images and more.
HTML is a markup language used to create HTML documents. HTML documents allow plain text to be formatted (bold, italic, etc), as well as being able to specify hyperlinks, images and more.
HTTP - HTTPS - HyperText Transfer Protocol
HTTP is a communication protocol used on the internet to allow the communication of 2 computers (devices). HTTPS is a secure adaptation of HTTP, which you will find in common use on secure areas when visiting websites.
HTTP is a communication protocol used on the internet to allow the communication of 2 computers (devices). HTTPS is a secure adaptation of HTTP, which you will find in common use on secure areas when visiting websites.
Hub - Network Hub [Concentrator / Repeater Hub]
A Network hub is a device which enables more than one computer (host) to interconnect on a network. They are widely used for creating home, office and other networks.
A Network hub is a device which enables more than one computer (host) to interconnect on a network. They are widely used for creating home, office and other networks.
IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics | ATA - Advanced Technology Attachment
IDE (also known as ATA) refers to a standard used in Hard Drives whereby the controller is integrated into the device, this standard saw the end of separate disk controllers for IDE devices, see also SCSI.
IDE (also known as ATA) refers to a standard used in Hard Drives whereby the controller is integrated into the device, this standard saw the end of separate disk controllers for IDE devices, see also SCSI.
Installation - Install
This refers to loading programs onto a computer through the use of Diskettes, CD ROMs or other types of data transfer. A program typically needs to be installed before it can be run, once installed it is normally stored on the hard disk of a machine. When installing software you may be asked to restart your machine before using the software, this is to enable the software to update your computers registry so your operating system knows the program is installed and any file extensions/resources can be assigned.
This refers to loading programs onto a computer through the use of Diskettes, CD ROMs or other types of data transfer. A program typically needs to be installed before it can be run, once installed it is normally stored on the hard disk of a machine. When installing software you may be asked to restart your machine before using the software, this is to enable the software to update your computers registry so your operating system knows the program is installed and any file extensions/resources can be assigned.
Interface - Interfacing
Refers to the connection between two computer components and/or a computer and its peripherals, printers, scanners, etc. There are different types of interfaces all with their own qualities, for example a serial interface (commonly used in communications) allows data to be sent sequentially down the same line. A parallel interface works in a similar way but is capable of sending numerous amounts of data at a time. A recent adaption of interfacing is the USB interface which has made connecting peripherals to a system easier.
Refers to the connection between two computer components and/or a computer and its peripherals, printers, scanners, etc. There are different types of interfaces all with their own qualities, for example a serial interface (commonly used in communications) allows data to be sent sequentially down the same line. A parallel interface works in a similar way but is capable of sending numerous amounts of data at a time. A recent adaption of interfacing is the USB interface which has made connecting peripherals to a system easier.
Internet - TCP/IP
Refers to a worldwide network of computer systems all using the TCP/IP network protocols. Commonly refers to the world wide web.
Refers to a worldwide network of computer systems all using the TCP/IP network protocols. Commonly refers to the world wide web.
IP Address - Internet Protocol
This is a unique number split into 4 parts separated by full stops, every computer connected to the internet has an IP address, a typical IP address looks like this 192.168.1.0.
This is a unique number split into 4 parts separated by full stops, every computer connected to the internet has an IP address, a typical IP address looks like this 192.168.1.0.
IRQ - Interrupt ReQuest
This can be thought of as a 'channel' that devices in your PC use when they want the processors attention, ie when you move the mouse or press a key, it is important that the IRQ settings in your machine are set correctly otherwise it can cause devices to conflict with each other.
This can be thought of as a 'channel' that devices in your PC use when they want the processors attention, ie when you move the mouse or press a key, it is important that the IRQ settings in your machine are set correctly otherwise it can cause devices to conflict with each other.
ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
This allows the use of data transfer and voice communication simultaneously on the same phone line, it also offers faster data transfer than it's analogue counterpart but not as fast as ADSL.
This allows the use of data transfer and voice communication simultaneously on the same phone line, it also offers faster data transfer than it's analogue counterpart but not as fast as ADSL.
ISP - Internet Service Provider
ISP refers to a company which provides Internet services such as AOL, typical ISPs provide:
- A Dial-up server with which to connect to the internet along with a number, username and password.
- An Email address.
- A POP Server through which to receive emails.
- An SMTP Server through which to send emails.
ISP refers to a company which provides Internet services such as AOL, typical ISPs provide:
- A Dial-up server with which to connect to the internet along with a number, username and password.
- An Email address.
- A POP Server through which to receive emails.
- An SMTP Server through which to send emails.
Most ISPs also provide web-mail (online email access) which allows you to access your emails from any computer.
Java
Java was developed by Sun Microsystems and went mainstream in 1995, it is an implementation of the OAK language. Java is an object orientated high level general purpose programming language that has become widely used on the WWW, due to its cross platform compatibility. Java source code is compiled into byte code and can then be run by Java interpreters and runtime environments (Java Virtual Machines) which are available for most platforms including Windows, Unix and Macintosh OS. Java applets are small applications written in Java and are common within the WWW environment, for example a chat applet can be downloaded and executed within the run time environment integrated into your web browser (Netscape Navigator, Internet explorer, etc).
Java was developed by Sun Microsystems and went mainstream in 1995, it is an implementation of the OAK language. Java is an object orientated high level general purpose programming language that has become widely used on the WWW, due to its cross platform compatibility. Java source code is compiled into byte code and can then be run by Java interpreters and runtime environments (Java Virtual Machines) which are available for most platforms including Windows, Unix and Macintosh OS. Java applets are small applications written in Java and are common within the WWW environment, for example a chat applet can be downloaded and executed within the run time environment integrated into your web browser (Netscape Navigator, Internet explorer, etc).
JavaScript - Scripting Language
JavaScript is Netscape's scripting language for client - server applications. JavaScript is used by browsers to perform tasks that HTML would not be able to achieve by itself. JavaScript can be a very powerful and useful cross platform language when used correctly. It is fairly simple for someone with no programming experience to learn and can add some interesting features to a website, for those that have programming experience in another language such as C++ then it is very easy to pick up.
JavaScript is Netscape's scripting language for client - server applications. JavaScript is used by browsers to perform tasks that HTML would not be able to achieve by itself. JavaScript can be a very powerful and useful cross platform language when used correctly. It is fairly simple for someone with no programming experience to learn and can add some interesting features to a website, for those that have programming experience in another language such as C++ then it is very easy to pick up.
JPEG - Joint Photographics Experts Group
This is an image format named after its developers that can compress images to very small file sizes, commonly used on the internet due to faster image transfer rates. JPEG images unlike its GIF counterpart can contain thousands of colors which makes the format ideal for compressing images such as photographs. The JPEG format can compress images up to around 10% of their original file size without losing too much quality (depending on the image used) although the image will lose its sharpness.
This is an image format named after its developers that can compress images to very small file sizes, commonly used on the internet due to faster image transfer rates. JPEG images unlike its GIF counterpart can contain thousands of colors which makes the format ideal for compressing images such as photographs. The JPEG format can compress images up to around 10% of their original file size without losing too much quality (depending on the image used) although the image will lose its sharpness.
Kbps = kilobits per second
A measurement typically used to describe a modem's data transfer in kilobits (1000) per second. (note the k in this instance means 1000, not 1024 unlike Kb) It is also used to describe data transfer in various different communication peripherals and/or ports. A modem or port's data transfer capability is restricted by the communications line through which it communicates, most standard "dial up" connections support up to 56kbps which gives a data transfer of around 6Kb (6 x 1024 bytes) per second.
A measurement typically used to describe a modem's data transfer in kilobits (1000) per second. (note the k in this instance means 1000, not 1024 unlike Kb) It is also used to describe data transfer in various different communication peripherals and/or ports. A modem or port's data transfer capability is restricted by the communications line through which it communicates, most standard "dial up" connections support up to 56kbps which gives a data transfer of around 6Kb (6 x 1024 bytes) per second.
Kernel
Kernel refers to the part of an operating system that controls memory and disk management as well as other tasks including process and task management. As the kernel controls the memory allocation for the application it needs to be loaded first (at boot) and kept in memory.
Kernel refers to the part of an operating system that controls memory and disk management as well as other tasks including process and task management. As the kernel controls the memory allocation for the application it needs to be loaded first (at boot) and kept in memory.
Keyboard Shortcuts - Hotkeys
Keyboard shortcuts can save time and make life easier when using applications, they are achieved by pressing a combination of keys, normally holding down the CONTROL (CTRL) key and pressing another key, then letting go of the CONTROL (CTRL) key, most applications (programs) have built in keyboard shortcuts often referred to as HOTKEYS.
Keyboard shortcuts can save time and make life easier when using applications, they are achieved by pressing a combination of keys, normally holding down the CONTROL (CTRL) key and pressing another key, then letting go of the CONTROL (CTRL) key, most applications (programs) have built in keyboard shortcuts often referred to as HOTKEYS.
Kilobyte - KB
A measurement used in digital systems to describe storage capacity, 1 Kilobyte is equal to 1024 (210) Bytes in digital systems.
A measurement used in digital systems to describe storage capacity, 1 Kilobyte is equal to 1024 (210) Bytes in digital systems.
LAN - Local Area Network
These are common-place in offices and are used to link 2 or more computers for the purpose of sharing files and/or peripherals. A LAN refers to a network that spans a relatively small geographical area and/or is limited to one segment, for example an office floor-space. LANs provide high speed data transfer (100Kbps to 1Gbps) between directly connected machines using different network topologies and protocols, See also Ethernet and WAN.
These are common-place in offices and are used to link 2 or more computers for the purpose of sharing files and/or peripherals. A LAN refers to a network that spans a relatively small geographical area and/or is limited to one segment, for example an office floor-space. LANs provide high speed data transfer (100Kbps to 1Gbps) between directly connected machines using different network topologies and protocols, See also Ethernet and WAN.
LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
LCD refers to a display technology used commonly in notebooks and PDAs, LCD technology has been around for years, it was first suggested in 1963 by George heilmeier & co at RCA's laboratory in Princeton, New Jersey. A Liquid Crystal Display works by having two layers of polarised material with liquid crystal in between, when an electrical current is applied to the liquid crystal molecules they become scattered allowing light to pass through.
LCD refers to a display technology used commonly in notebooks and PDAs, LCD technology has been around for years, it was first suggested in 1963 by George heilmeier & co at RCA's laboratory in Princeton, New Jersey. A Liquid Crystal Display works by having two layers of polarised material with liquid crystal in between, when an electrical current is applied to the liquid crystal molecules they become scattered allowing light to pass through.
LPT - Line Printing Terminal
The common name given to a Parallel Port on IBM and compatible machines. Although people refer to the DB-25 female connector on the back of a PC as an LPT port, technically an LPT port is simply a parallel port set to LPT(x) with an I/O address and IRQ assigned to it, in the same way as a COM(x) port is actually a serial port set to COM(x).
The common name given to a Parallel Port on IBM and compatible machines. Although people refer to the DB-25 female connector on the back of a PC as an LPT port, technically an LPT port is simply a parallel port set to LPT(x) with an I/O address and IRQ assigned to it, in the same way as a COM(x) port is actually a serial port set to COM(x).
Megabyte - MB
This is a measurement used in digital systems such as PCs to describe storage capacity (usually RAM, Hard Drive capacity is mostly stated in Gigabytes these days). Mathematically one Megabyte is 2 (1,048,576) One megabyte is equal to 1024 Kilobytes, so a memory module with a capacity of 256MB can store 268,435,456 Bytes.
This is a measurement used in digital systems such as PCs to describe storage capacity (usually RAM, Hard Drive capacity is mostly stated in Gigabytes these days). Mathematically one Megabyte is 2 (1,048,576) One megabyte is equal to 1024 Kilobytes, so a memory module with a capacity of 256MB can store 268,435,456 Bytes.
MHz - Megahertz
A frequency measurement, refers to millions of cycles per second, for example a processor running at 500 MHz can handle 500 Million cycles per second. See also GHz, 1 MHz is equal to 1,000,000 Hz. Hertz is named after Physicist Heinrich Hertz.
A frequency measurement, refers to millions of cycles per second, for example a processor running at 500 MHz can handle 500 Million cycles per second. See also GHz, 1 MHz is equal to 1,000,000 Hz. Hertz is named after Physicist Heinrich Hertz.
MIDI - Musical Instrument Digital Interface
Refers to a widely used interface that allows musical instruments such as electric keyboards to be controlled and interacted with by a computer. Most modern soundcards come with some sort of MIDI interface built-in.
Refers to a widely used interface that allows musical instruments such as electric keyboards to be controlled and interacted with by a computer. Most modern soundcards come with some sort of MIDI interface built-in.
MIME - Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
A system used for the ASCII (American Standard for information interchange) encoding of binary data for transfer via email on the internet. MIME codes are also used to let the browser know what type of file to expect when it has requested it. For instance, if a browser requests a GIF file, then the host will send in the CONTENT TYPE HEADER the MIME string to indicate that the file is indeed a GIF file and should be processed accordingly.
A system used for the ASCII (American Standard for information interchange) encoding of binary data for transfer via email on the internet. MIME codes are also used to let the browser know what type of file to expect when it has requested it. For instance, if a browser requests a GIF file, then the host will send in the CONTENT TYPE HEADER the MIME string to indicate that the file is indeed a GIF file and should be processed accordingly.
MODEM - MOdulator DEModulator
A communications device used to connect to a network such as the internet. Modems come in various different forms, the most common is the internal modem which uses a PCI interface to connect to the motherboard. Some motherboards come with modems built-in.
A communications device used to connect to a network such as the internet. Modems come in various different forms, the most common is the internal modem which uses a PCI interface to connect to the motherboard. Some motherboards come with modems built-in.
Motherboard
A motherboard (mainboard) is the main circuit board within a PC, most modern motherboards come with the following features:
- A processor slot (type will depend on the board specifications)
- Memory banks
- AGP slot
- PCI slots
- IDE interface
- USB ports
These are just some of the features that a motherboard may have as standard, some motherboards come with integrated components such as a sound card, graphics, modem, NIC (Network Interface Card) and more.
A motherboard (mainboard) is the main circuit board within a PC, most modern motherboards come with the following features:
- A processor slot (type will depend on the board specifications)
- Memory banks
- AGP slot
- PCI slots
- IDE interface
- USB ports
These are just some of the features that a motherboard may have as standard, some motherboards come with integrated components such as a sound card, graphics, modem, NIC (Network Interface Card) and more.
All the components inside your PC connect to the motherboard in one way or another, a few examples:
- Memory banks are used for RAM modules.
- PCI slots are used to provide connectivity for PCI cards such as modems and sound cards.
- AGP slots are used for graphics accelerators.
- IDE interfaces are used to connect and control IDE devices such as hard drives and CD-ROM drives.
- Memory banks are used for RAM modules.
- PCI slots are used to provide connectivity for PCI cards such as modems and sound cards.
- AGP slots are used for graphics accelerators.
- IDE interfaces are used to connect and control IDE devices such as hard drives and CD-ROM drives.
Mouse - Pointing Device
A mouse is a pointing device used to interact with a PC, there are a few different types of mouse available:
- Serial Mouse - This is a mouse with a serial connector, it requires a free serial port on your PC.
- USB Mouse - This type of mouse has a USB connector and requires a free USB port.
- Cordless Mouse - A cordless mouse (as the name suggests) has no cable, this type of mouse utilizes batteries for its power supply.
- Optical Mouse - An optical mouse utilizes optical electronics to track the mouse's position and movement, they are preferred over standard mechanical mice as they tend to be more reliable and require less maintenance.
A mouse is a pointing device used to interact with a PC, there are a few different types of mouse available:
- Serial Mouse - This is a mouse with a serial connector, it requires a free serial port on your PC.
- USB Mouse - This type of mouse has a USB connector and requires a free USB port.
- Cordless Mouse - A cordless mouse (as the name suggests) has no cable, this type of mouse utilizes batteries for its power supply.
- Optical Mouse - An optical mouse utilizes optical electronics to track the mouse's position and movement, they are preferred over standard mechanical mice as they tend to be more reliable and require less maintenance.
MP3 - MPeg-1 audio layer 3
Refers to an audio file which has been compressed using the MPEG (see below) compression standard. Using this standard greatly reduces the physical size of the audio file with little or no loss of sound quality.
Refers to an audio file which has been compressed using the MPEG (see below) compression standard. Using this standard greatly reduces the physical size of the audio file with little or no loss of sound quality.
MPEG - Motion Picture Experts Group
A compression standard used for compressing Video and Audio files to a smaller physical size, the compression is achieved by not recording every frame but only the changes between the frames. Motion Picture Experts Group is the name given to the group of people responsible for inventing the standard.
A compression standard used for compressing Video and Audio files to a smaller physical size, the compression is achieved by not recording every frame but only the changes between the frames. Motion Picture Experts Group is the name given to the group of people responsible for inventing the standard.
MPEG files have either the .mpeg or .mpg file extension and are a very common format due to the high compression.
The main implementations of MPEG are:
- MPEG-1 - video resolution of 352x240px at 30 frames per second
- MPEG-2 - video resolution of up to 1280x720 at 60 frames per second
these are the most common and the ones you are likely to come across.
- MPEG-1 - video resolution of 352x240px at 30 frames per second
- MPEG-2 - video resolution of up to 1280x720 at 60 frames per second
these are the most common and the ones you are likely to come across.
MS-DOS MicroSoft® Disk operating System
This is the system that Windows® based machines use to access and maintain storage devices.
This is the system that Windows® based machines use to access and maintain storage devices.
Network - Networking
A system to allow 2 or more computers to connect to each other and share files or peripherals. Typical types of networks are LAN, WAN and on a wider scale the Internet.
A system to allow 2 or more computers to connect to each other and share files or peripherals. Typical types of networks are LAN, WAN and on a wider scale the Internet.
Network Switch - Switch
A switch (switching hub) is a network device which is used to interconnect computers and/or devices on a network. They are relatively inexpensive and offer better performance than a hub.
A switch (switching hub) is a network device which is used to interconnect computers and/or devices on a network. They are relatively inexpensive and offer better performance than a hub.
NIC - Network Interface Card
An NIC (network interface card) is an expansion card that provides connectivity between a PC and a network such as a LAN, NICs are sometimes called Ethernet adapters. Network Interface Cards (NICs) can be internal or external add-ons and come with various specifications, one of which is transfer rate although most modern network interface cards support up to 100Mbps, and the more expensive Gigabit Ethernet cards supporting up to 1000Mbps.
An NIC (network interface card) is an expansion card that provides connectivity between a PC and a network such as a LAN, NICs are sometimes called Ethernet adapters. Network Interface Cards (NICs) can be internal or external add-ons and come with various specifications, one of which is transfer rate although most modern network interface cards support up to 100Mbps, and the more expensive Gigabit Ethernet cards supporting up to 1000Mbps.
OEM Hardware
is the term given to a manufacturer that buys hardware from another source, and implements it into their own design. See below for more information. OEM Software means that the software is sold only with a certain piece of hardware and/or the software manufacturer provides no technical support. See below for more information.
is the term given to a manufacturer that buys hardware from another source, and implements it into their own design. See below for more information. OEM Software means that the software is sold only with a certain piece of hardware and/or the software manufacturer provides no technical support. See below for more information.
Online - Offline
Online - A term given to a person/computer that is connected to a network. Offline - A term given to a person/computer that is not connected to a network.
Online - A term given to a person/computer that is connected to a network. Offline - A term given to a person/computer that is not connected to a network.
Operating System - OS
Refers to the main software of a computer system for instance Windows®, all installed programs run under the control of the operating system.
Refers to the main software of a computer system for instance Windows®, all installed programs run under the control of the operating system.
Parallel Port - ECP - EPP - Parallel Interface
Parallel port/interface refers to a standard 25 pin (D25) connector found on most (if not all) PCs, commonly used for connecting a printer. A standard parallel port transmits 8 data bits at a time, as opposed to a serial port which transmits data one bit at a time.
Parallel port/interface refers to a standard 25 pin (D25) connector found on most (if not all) PCs, commonly used for connecting a printer. A standard parallel port transmits 8 data bits at a time, as opposed to a serial port which transmits data one bit at a time.
PCMCIA - Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
A body including hardware and chip manufacturers, system integrators and software houses set up in 1989. A PCMCIA card is a credit card sized device that is used to upgrade memory or add communication devices to notebooks and laptop computers.
A body including hardware and chip manufacturers, system integrators and software houses set up in 1989. A PCMCIA card is a credit card sized device that is used to upgrade memory or add communication devices to notebooks and laptop computers.
PDA - Personal Digital Assistant
A (Personal Digital Assistant) refers to a hand-held device that incorporates several handy features. PDAs often include an address book, calendar, contacts list, and a memo feature.
A (Personal Digital Assistant) refers to a hand-held device that incorporates several handy features. PDAs often include an address book, calendar, contacts list, and a memo feature.
PDF (Portable Document Format)
PDF refers to a type of document (PDF Document) format, which is widely used on the internet. You need software (freely available) called Adobe Reader, in order to view PDF documents.
PDF refers to a type of document (PDF Document) format, which is widely used on the internet. You need software (freely available) called Adobe Reader, in order to view PDF documents.
PIXEL - Picture Element
Refers to individual 'bits' of data that form an image, also refers to screen resolution, for example 800x600 is 800 pixels wide and 600 pixels high, 1024x768 is 1024 pixels wide and 768 pixels high.
Refers to individual 'bits' of data that form an image, also refers to screen resolution, for example 800x600 is 800 pixels wide and 600 pixels high, 1024x768 is 1024 pixels wide and 768 pixels high.
PnP - Plug and Play
Plug and Play was developed by Intel® and Microsoft® and was designed to simplify the installation of new hardware. Windows 95 was the first operating system to include Plug and Play technology. Plug and Play compatible devices communicate with the operating system allowing automated configuration, when a Plug and Play device is connected and the machine re-booted (if not USB) the operating system will acknowledge the new hardware and prompt you for the installation disk that came with the hardware. The device drivers should then be automatically installed.
Plug and Play was developed by Intel® and Microsoft® and was designed to simplify the installation of new hardware. Windows 95 was the first operating system to include Plug and Play technology. Plug and Play compatible devices communicate with the operating system allowing automated configuration, when a Plug and Play device is connected and the machine re-booted (if not USB) the operating system will acknowledge the new hardware and prompt you for the installation disk that came with the hardware. The device drivers should then be automatically installed.
POP - Post Office Protocol
A POP (Post Office Protocol) server allows you to receive your mail through an email client program such as Outlook or Netscape Messenger, this allows you to just connect to retrieve your mail from your email provider, and then you can read your mail offline and can reduce your online time.
A POP (Post Office Protocol) server allows you to receive your mail through an email client program such as Outlook or Netscape Messenger, this allows you to just connect to retrieve your mail from your email provider, and then you can read your mail offline and can reduce your online time.
Port - Ports
A communications port on a computer for example the serial port, parallel port, USB port or a port on a server. Different ports have different characteristics and data transfer capabilities, see also Interface.
A communications port on a computer for example the serial port, parallel port, USB port or a port on a server. Different ports have different characteristics and data transfer capabilities, see also Interface.
Protocol - Protocols
A standard set of software instructions which allow a computer to communicate with another and/or other devices.
A standard set of software instructions which allow a computer to communicate with another and/or other devices.
PSU - Power Supply Unit
This regulates and distributes the power to the components inside your PC. The standard now is ATX which can be accessed by the motherboard/software to enable the PSU to be "put to sleep", conserve energy or shut down.
This regulates and distributes the power to the components inside your PC. The standard now is ATX which can be accessed by the motherboard/software to enable the PSU to be "put to sleep", conserve energy or shut down.
RAID - Redundant Array of Independent Disks
RAID refers to a hard disk technology which can be used to speed up data transfer and/or provide disk redundancy through disk system fault tolerance. RAID provides these features by utilizing more than one hard disk at a time, there are several variations of a RAID configuration referred to as levels. Each of these levels provide different performance and/or fault tolerance benefits. RAID configurations are commonly found in data critical applications.
RAID refers to a hard disk technology which can be used to speed up data transfer and/or provide disk redundancy through disk system fault tolerance. RAID provides these features by utilizing more than one hard disk at a time, there are several variations of a RAID configuration referred to as levels. Each of these levels provide different performance and/or fault tolerance benefits. RAID configurations are commonly found in data critical applications.
RAM - Random Access Memory
This is the main memory in your computer, this is where the computer stores the data it needs when you are using a program. RAM gets its name from the ability to allow the system to access any data stored in the memory in any location at any time. This memory is often referred to as Volatile (power dependent). i.e. when the power is isolated the data is lost. RAM comes in many different packages and there are many different types of RAM all designed to be compatible with a certain system.
This is the main memory in your computer, this is where the computer stores the data it needs when you are using a program. RAM gets its name from the ability to allow the system to access any data stored in the memory in any location at any time. This memory is often referred to as Volatile (power dependent). i.e. when the power is isolated the data is lost. RAM comes in many different packages and there are many different types of RAM all designed to be compatible with a certain system.
Resolution - High Resolution
When referring to a monitor this measurement depicts the amount of horizontal and vertical pixels i.e. 1024x768, when referring to a printer/scanner it depicts the DPI.
When referring to a monitor this measurement depicts the amount of horizontal and vertical pixels i.e. 1024x768, when referring to a printer/scanner it depicts the DPI.
ROM - Read Only Memory
ROM refers to a type of memory storage which is non-volatile (not power dependant). It cannot be changed using normal methods i.e. written to like RAM. ROMS are widely used for any application that requires data to be stored permanently and/or without a constant supply of power. The BIOS in a digital system is typically ROM based.
ROM refers to a type of memory storage which is non-volatile (not power dependant). It cannot be changed using normal methods i.e. written to like RAM. ROMS are widely used for any application that requires data to be stored permanently and/or without a constant supply of power. The BIOS in a digital system is typically ROM based.
Router – Network Router
A router is placed at a junction between two or more networks/segments, each network/segment can be using a different topology or protocol. The router will intercept and forward any data packets passing through, most routers can be set up to block certain types of data packets which can be useful for security reasons. The destination address of the data packet needs to be included within the header information, routers don't propagate broadcasts/multicasts. The router will then decide the best route for transferring the data packet to its destination by interrogating a routing table which is either static or dynamically generated.
A router is placed at a junction between two or more networks/segments, each network/segment can be using a different topology or protocol. The router will intercept and forward any data packets passing through, most routers can be set up to block certain types of data packets which can be useful for security reasons. The destination address of the data packet needs to be included within the header information, routers don't propagate broadcasts/multicasts. The router will then decide the best route for transferring the data packet to its destination by interrogating a routing table which is either static or dynamically generated.
SATA
Refers to an interface type used for data storage devices. The SATA interconnect is a serial implementation of the parallel Ultra ATA interface used to connect storage devices such as hard drives & optical drives to a PC's motherboard (host system). The SATA technology starts at a data transfer rate of 150MB/sec, with plans already in place to take it up to 600MB/sec. Some of the advantages of SATA over Ultra ATA:
- Cables are easier to work with.
- CRC error checking on all data (and control information).
- Hot-swap capability.
- Less crosstalk due to cable design.
Refers to an interface type used for data storage devices. The SATA interconnect is a serial implementation of the parallel Ultra ATA interface used to connect storage devices such as hard drives & optical drives to a PC's motherboard (host system). The SATA technology starts at a data transfer rate of 150MB/sec, with plans already in place to take it up to 600MB/sec. Some of the advantages of SATA over Ultra ATA:
- Cables are easier to work with.
- CRC error checking on all data (and control information).
- Hot-swap capability.
- Less crosstalk due to cable design.
SCSI - Small Computer System Interface
A standard for connecting multiple devices such as hard drives, cd roms, floppy drives, etc, it enables the connection of more devices than its counterpart IDE and normally faster, but the drives tend to carry a bigger price tag.
A standard for connecting multiple devices such as hard drives, cd roms, floppy drives, etc, it enables the connection of more devices than its counterpart IDE and normally faster, but the drives tend to carry a bigger price tag.
SCSI was originally developed by Shugart Associates and was originally called SASI (Shugart Associates System Interface) before it became standardized.
SDRAM - Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
Refers to a type of memory (DRAM) that can synchronize itself with the processor's bus speed, and can run at much higher speeds than it's EDO counterpart.
Refers to a type of memory (DRAM) that can synchronize itself with the processor's bus speed, and can run at much higher speeds than it's EDO counterpart.
Sector, Track and Cluster
A Sector in the context of computing refers to a small area of a storage device, for example a hard disk drive.
A Sector in the context of computing refers to a small area of a storage device, for example a hard disk drive.
Serial Port - Ports
Communications port which connects the computer to various peripherals including modems. A serial port transmits data sequentially (one bit at a time) as opposed to parallel ports which transmit 8 bits at a time.
Communications port which connects the computer to various peripherals including modems. A serial port transmits data sequentially (one bit at a time) as opposed to parallel ports which transmit 8 bits at a time.
Server – Server Software
A server is a computer running software that allows it to control the sharing of resources between many computers. Servers are often dedicated to one task depending on what type of server software they are running, below is a summation of a few common server applications: HTTP Server - An HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) server (web server) is typically connected to the internet with a high speed connection and will respond to requests from computers running client software (like a browser) requiring specific data (commonly a web page). This type of server is common to the internet. FTP Server - An FTP (File Transfer Protocol) server is used to transfer files over a network (WAN, LAN or the internet) using the FTP protocol. Mail Server - A mail server stores and transfers (e)mail over a network (WAN, LAN or the internet). Chat Server - A chat server allows its users to transfer real time text between two or more computers, for more on chat click here. Database Server - A database server allows its users to access its database via a network (WAN, LAN or the internet) and depending on permissions, read, delete or alter the contents of its database. This type of server is common place in an office environment. Proxy Server - A proxy server (as the name suggests) typically sits between the client and the main server, it is used to filter data and enable connections to be shared. For example if you are in the UK and you connect to a website that is hosted in the US then the data you send/receive will pass through one or more proxy servers.
A server is a computer running software that allows it to control the sharing of resources between many computers. Servers are often dedicated to one task depending on what type of server software they are running, below is a summation of a few common server applications: HTTP Server - An HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) server (web server) is typically connected to the internet with a high speed connection and will respond to requests from computers running client software (like a browser) requiring specific data (commonly a web page). This type of server is common to the internet. FTP Server - An FTP (File Transfer Protocol) server is used to transfer files over a network (WAN, LAN or the internet) using the FTP protocol. Mail Server - A mail server stores and transfers (e)mail over a network (WAN, LAN or the internet). Chat Server - A chat server allows its users to transfer real time text between two or more computers, for more on chat click here. Database Server - A database server allows its users to access its database via a network (WAN, LAN or the internet) and depending on permissions, read, delete or alter the contents of its database. This type of server is common place in an office environment. Proxy Server - A proxy server (as the name suggests) typically sits between the client and the main server, it is used to filter data and enable connections to be shared. For example if you are in the UK and you connect to a website that is hosted in the US then the data you send/receive will pass through one or more proxy servers.
Shareware - software
A type of software that is not commercial and normally requires a registration payment to the author, there is normally a trial period.
A type of software that is not commercial and normally requires a registration payment to the author, there is normally a trial period.
SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
An SMTP server allows you to send emails which have been written within your email client program such as Outlook or Netscape Messenger, this allows you to write your emails offline and then connect for a few seconds to send them. Most email providers supply an SMTP server through which you can send your emails.
An SMTP server allows you to send emails which have been written within your email client program such as Outlook or Netscape Messenger, this allows you to write your emails offline and then connect for a few seconds to send them. Most email providers supply an SMTP server through which you can send your emails.
Software - Programs
A term given to the programs that a computer executes. A typical example of software would be a word processor or an accounts package.
A term given to the programs that a computer executes. A typical example of software would be a word processor or an accounts package.
Soundcard - Sound Card
This is an internal device which controls and produces any sounds including music that your PC makes. Sound cards come with various specifications, for example some have more inputs/outputs than others allowing for 5.1 surround sound etc, others have a higher sampling frequency to give better sound recording. Sound cards can also come built-in to motherboards (mainboards), although the built-in cards are usually sufficient for most uses they can be lacking in quality and features if you intend to record or create digital music or sounds.
This is an internal device which controls and produces any sounds including music that your PC makes. Sound cards come with various specifications, for example some have more inputs/outputs than others allowing for 5.1 surround sound etc, others have a higher sampling frequency to give better sound recording. Sound cards can also come built-in to motherboards (mainboards), although the built-in cards are usually sufficient for most uses they can be lacking in quality and features if you intend to record or create digital music or sounds.
SPAM - SPAM Email
SPAM refers to unsolicited commercial email. The SPAM problem is one that nearly every email user will experience, there are however, ways to decrease the amount of SPAM you receive.
SPAM refers to unsolicited commercial email. The SPAM problem is one that nearly every email user will experience, there are however, ways to decrease the amount of SPAM you receive.
SSL - Secure Sockets Layer
A protocol developed by Netscape to transfer information via the Internet securely. Web sites use this encryption to allow users to enter credit card numbers and other confidential information, normally you will see the padlock in your browser lock and the URL will begin HTTPS as opposed to HTTP.
A protocol developed by Netscape to transfer information via the Internet securely. Web sites use this encryption to allow users to enter credit card numbers and other confidential information, normally you will see the padlock in your browser lock and the URL will begin HTTPS as opposed to HTTP.
SVGA - Super Video Graphics Array
A standard for monitors and graphic cards developed by VESA (Video Electronics Standards Association) which supports resolutions of up to 800x600 Pixels and up to 16 Million Colors.
A standard for monitors and graphic cards developed by VESA (Video Electronics Standards Association) which supports resolutions of up to 800x600 Pixels and up to 16 Million Colors.
Terabyte - TB
This is commonly used to describe the capacity of a digital system. A Terabyte is 1,099,511,627,776 bytes (2 to the 40th power).
This is commonly used to describe the capacity of a digital system. A Terabyte is 1,099,511,627,776 bytes (2 to the 40th power).
TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
A collection of protocols (rules) that depict how data is transferred across networks between computer systems.
A collection of protocols (rules) that depict how data is transferred across networks between computer systems.
TIFF - Tagged Image File Format
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) refers to a type of image format developed by Aldus and Microsoft that is commonly used within computing. TIFF files are basically Bitmap images, they are not restricted in resolution and can be black and white, grey scale or full color.
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) refers to a type of image format developed by Aldus and Microsoft that is commonly used within computing. TIFF files are basically Bitmap images, they are not restricted in resolution and can be black and white, grey scale or full color.
TFT - Thin Film Transistor
A type of LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) used in the screen of laptops/notebooks, with 1 to 4 transistors defining one pixel on-screen.
A type of LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) used in the screen of laptops/notebooks, with 1 to 4 transistors defining one pixel on-screen.
V90 - V.90
A standard used by all modern 56k modems.
A standard used by all modern 56k modems.
Virus - Viruses
A program that runs on your computer without your knowledge and can cause damage to your files. It usually attaches itself to other programs, a common way to receive a virus is through an attachment via email. Virus protection is extremely important and can save a lot of problems in the future.
A program that runs on your computer without your knowledge and can cause damage to your files. It usually attaches itself to other programs, a common way to receive a virus is through an attachment via email. Virus protection is extremely important and can save a lot of problems in the future.
VPN - Virtual Private Network
A VPN (Virtual Private Network) refers to a secure network connection that uses the internet to transmit data. The data is typically encrypted using different tunneling protocols such as L2TP(Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol) and PPTP (Point to Point Tunneling Protocol) in which the encrypted data is encapsulated in Internet wrappers before it is transmitted. When the data is received at its destination the Internet wrapper is stripped off and the data decrypted. Typical uses of VPNs would be to create a private WAN without the need to lease dedicated lines or provide travelling employees with a secure connection to company data.
A VPN (Virtual Private Network) refers to a secure network connection that uses the internet to transmit data. The data is typically encrypted using different tunneling protocols such as L2TP(Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol) and PPTP (Point to Point Tunneling Protocol) in which the encrypted data is encapsulated in Internet wrappers before it is transmitted. When the data is received at its destination the Internet wrapper is stripped off and the data decrypted. Typical uses of VPNs would be to create a private WAN without the need to lease dedicated lines or provide travelling employees with a secure connection to company data.
Wait State
This refers to when a processor or other component has to rest in between clock cycles due to a slower component such as memory. See also zero wait state.
This refers to when a processor or other component has to rest in between clock cycles due to a slower component such as memory. See also zero wait state.
WAN - Wide Area Network
As the name suggests it is a network of computers over a wide geographical area.
As the name suggests it is a network of computers over a wide geographical area.
WAP - Wireless Application Protocol
WAP (wireless application protocol) refers to a wireless transfer protocol developed by Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia and Unwired Planet. The WAP protocol allows users of handheld devices such as mobile phones to access data and view locally. Some of the wireless networks supported by WAP are listed below:
- DataTAC
- DECT
- CDMA
- CDPD
- FLEX
- GSM
- iDEN
- Mobitex
- PDC
- PHS
- ReFLEX
- TDMA
Most WAP devices can support HTML, XML, WML and WMLScript All operating systems can support the WAP specification, although there are operating systems that have been designed with WAP in mind, such as for PDA's (Windows CE and PalmOS are 2 examples).
WAP (wireless application protocol) refers to a wireless transfer protocol developed by Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia and Unwired Planet. The WAP protocol allows users of handheld devices such as mobile phones to access data and view locally. Some of the wireless networks supported by WAP are listed below:
- DataTAC
- DECT
- CDMA
- CDPD
- FLEX
- GSM
- iDEN
- Mobitex
- PDC
- PHS
- ReFLEX
- TDMA
Most WAP devices can support HTML, XML, WML and WMLScript All operating systems can support the WAP specification, although there are operating systems that have been designed with WAP in mind, such as for PDA's (Windows CE and PalmOS are 2 examples).
WAV - WAV audio file
An audio file format developed jointly by IBM and Microsoft, WAV audio files have a file extension of .wav and are commonly used within the Windows environment.
An audio file format developed jointly by IBM and Microsoft, WAV audio files have a file extension of .wav and are commonly used within the Windows environment.
WIFI
WI-FI refers to a type of wireless technology which allows users to connect to a local network without the need for cables, also known as a WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network).
WI-FI refers to a type of wireless technology which allows users to connect to a local network without the need for cables, also known as a WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network).
WLAN
refers to a Wireless LAN which uses radio waves instead of cables for data transfer, this type of LAN is extremely useful but can be expensive depending on the amount of terminals involved.
refers to a Wireless LAN which uses radio waves instead of cables for data transfer, this type of LAN is extremely useful but can be expensive depending on the amount of terminals involved.
WWW - World Wide Web
Describes the internet as a whole, millions of computers all over the world connected via phone lines and modems.
Describes the internet as a whole, millions of computers all over the world connected via phone lines and modems.
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